摘要：隨著我國經(jīng)濟的持續(xù)快速發(fā)展，人們對高層建筑的功能要求趨向于多樣化、綜合化和全面化。于是，帶轉(zhuǎn)換層的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)孕育而生，并在近年來得到較為廣泛的應用。

Abstract:alongwiththesustainedandrapiddevelopmentofeconomyinourcountry,peopletothefunctionalrequirementofthehigh-risebuildingstendtobediversified,integratedandcomprehensive.So,bornwithconversionlayerstructureofbreeds,andhavebecomemorewidelyusedinrecentyears.　　關(guān)鍵詞：高層建筑；轉(zhuǎn)換層；施工Keywords:high-risebuildings;Thetransformationlayer;Theconstruction　　1高層建筑結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換層1high-risebuildingconversionlayersstructure　　按照不同的結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換功能，轉(zhuǎn)換層可分為三種類型：①高層建筑上層與下層的結(jié)構(gòu)形式不同，通過轉(zhuǎn)換層完成其從上層至下層不同結(jié)構(gòu)形式的變化。②高層建筑上層與下層的結(jié)構(gòu)形式不變，但通過轉(zhuǎn)換層完成其從上層到下層不同柱網(wǎng)軸線布置的變化。③通過轉(zhuǎn)換層同時完成高層建筑上層與下層結(jié)構(gòu)形式與柱網(wǎng)軸線布置的變化。Accordingtothedifferentstructuretransformation,transformationlayercanbedividedintothreetypes:(1)highbuildingstructureformoftheupperandthelowerisdifferent,throughthetransformationlayertocompleteitsdifferentstructureformsofchangefromtheuppertothelower.(2)thehighbuildingstructureformoftheupperandthelowerischangeless,butthroughthetransformationlayertocompleteitsdifferentfromtheuppertothelowercolumngridlinelayoutchanges.(3)throughthetransformationlayercompletehigh-risebuildingatthesametimetheupperandthelowerstructurewiththeaxisofthecolumngridlayoutchanges.　　為實現(xiàn)高層建筑內(nèi)部上、下層結(jié)構(gòu)形式與柱網(wǎng)（或剪力墻軸線網(wǎng)）的變化，經(jīng)常采用以下的結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換形式：①梁式轉(zhuǎn)換。②板式轉(zhuǎn)換層。板的厚度一般很大，以形成厚板式承臺轉(zhuǎn)換層。它的下層柱網(wǎng)可以靈活布置，不必嚴格與上層結(jié)構(gòu)對齊，但板很厚，自重很大，材料用量很多。Fortallbuildingsinside,thelowerstructurewithcolumngrid(network)orshearwallaxischanges,oftenusethefollowingformofstructuraltransformation:(1)beamtransformation.(2)platetransformationlayer.Thethicknessoftheplatearelarge,toformathickplatecaptransformationlayer.Itcanlowercolumngridofflexiblearrangement,don"thavetobestrictlyalignedwiththeupperstructure,buttheplateisverythick,theweightisverybig,materialconsumption.　　2工程實例及施工要點Twoengineeringexamplesandkeypointsforconstruction　　2.1工程概況。溫州市百里東路改建工程安置房1-11號樓，工程總占地面積32295.92m2，總建筑面積158879m2，地下室一層17392m2，底部一、二層為大開間商場（寫字樓），三層為架空結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換層,上部為住宅。轉(zhuǎn)換層為梁式轉(zhuǎn)換，最大框支梁KZL-01斷面1100×1800、KZL-21斷面1000×2000。模板及支撐體系由18mm厚木復合模板、50×100方木、Φ48鋼管、扣件等組成，經(jīng)過取最大斷面框支梁KZL-21進行模板及支撐系統(tǒng)計算能滿足砼施工荷載要求。2.1projectsummary.Wenzhouineastroadrebuildingproject1-11housingbuilding,theprojectcoversanareaof32295.92m2,totalconstructionareaof158879m2,alayerof17392m2,thebasementone,thesecondislargerspaceatthebottomoftheshoppingmall(office),threelayersfortheoverheadstructuretransformationlayer,upperforresidence.Conversionlayerforthebeam,thelargestboxbeamKZL-01section21section1000x1100x1800,KZL-2000.Templateandthesupportsystemconsistsof18mmthickcompositetemplate,50*100squaretimber,Φ48steelpipes,fastenersandsoon,aftertakingthelargestcross-sectionboxbeamKZL-21teams"templateandsupportsystemcansatisfytherequirementofconcreteconstructionloadcalculation.　　2.2梁模及支撐體系。由于框支梁斷面大，自重大，對梁模支撐體系要求必須很高。模板支撐體系必須編制專項施工方案，請專家進行會審，并嚴格按照方案實施。經(jīng)對最大斷面KZL-21框支梁模板及支撐體系計算，模板排架體系能滿足砼施工荷載要求。所以框支梁排架支撐體系均參照KZL-21框支梁計算要求搭設(shè)，具體方法①根據(jù)KZL-21框支梁計算值，所有框支梁順梁的長方向立桿間距300mm，垂直于梁長度方向立桿間距不大于300mm。②由于框支梁部位的施工荷載大于下一層樓板的設(shè)計荷載，所以在所有梁底模順著梁的長度方向支撐立桿下端設(shè)置槽鋼作為枕木，減輕立桿的集中荷鋪設(shè)，對下層樓面的影響。③考慮立桿垂直方向受力存在偏心距，在排架搭設(shè)過程中所用的水平鋼管應在立桿兩側(cè)交差布置，不應在立桿的同一側(cè)布置。頂板排架立桿間距取框支梁長度主向立桿間距的雙倍數(shù)。④立桿排架搭設(shè)好以后，在排架下端設(shè)一道水平拉結(jié)掃地桿，再向上按不大于1500mm設(shè)置水平拉桿，并與頂板排架連結(jié)。每一把梁排架立桿沿梁的長度方向設(shè)置二道剪力撐，垂直于梁的長度方向每間隔2400mm設(shè)剪力撐并與頂板排架立桿拉結(jié)，這樣使梁排架與頂板排架連成整體，增加穩(wěn)定性。⑤梁底模內(nèi)楞布置根據(jù)立桿的布置情況，在立桿間鋪設(shè)50×100m木方，其凈間距不得大于100mm。梁側(cè)模內(nèi)楞間距不得大于200mm，外楞間距不得大于430mm。2.2LiangMoandsupportingsystem.Since,becauseofthelargeframesupportedbeamcrosssection,theLiangMosupportsystemrequirementsmustbehigh.Templatesupportsystemmustpreparespecialconstructionscheme,pleaseexpertscame,andinstrictaccordancewiththeplantoimplement.Afterthemaximumcross-sectionKZL-21boxbeamtemplateandsupportsystem,templateshelvingsystemcansatisfytherequirementofconcreteconstructionload.SosupportedbeambentframesupportingsystemarereferenceKZL-21box-girdercalculationrequirementssetspecificmethods(1)accordingtoKZL-21boxbeamcomputedvalues,allofboxLiangShunliangstudspacingis300mm,lengthdirectionperpendiculartothelengthofthebeampolingdirectiondistancenotgreaterthan300mm.(2)becausetheconstructionofboxbeampartloadisgreaterthanthedesignofthefloorunderaload,andsoonallbeambottomalongthelengthdirectionofthebeamsupportingthelowerpolingsetchannelsteelassleepers,lightenthepolingofconcentratedloadlaid,effectsonthelowerfloor.(3)consideringthepolingdirectionverticalforceexisteccentricity,andintheprocessofthebentframebuildlevelusedinthesteelpipeshouldbeonbothsidesofpolingajobarrangement,shouldnotbedecoratedinthesamesideoftheverticalpole.Shelvingroofstudspacingformainframesupportedbeamlengthtodoublestudspacingratio.Set-upaftergood,(4)verticalrodbentinshelvingsetabottomlevelRachelsweepingbar,pressnogreaterthan1500mmsetthehorizontaltieup,connectwithroofracks.Everybeambentpolingdirectionsettwowayshearalongthebeamlength,thelengthoftheverticalbeamdirectioneveryintervalof2400mmsetshearbraceandwithshelvingroofbarRachel,thiscausesthebeambentandbentframerooftenttogetherasawhole,increasestability.(5)beambottommouldlayoutaccordingtothearrangementofpoling,50x100mbetweenstudlaidwoodsquare,thenetspacingshallnotbegreaterthan100mm.Beamsideformstareblanklyspacingshallnotbegreaterthan200mm,insideoutsidestareblanklyspacingshallnotbegreaterthan430mm.　?、蘖簜?cè)模固定所用的Φ14對拉螺栓水平間距400mm，垂直間跨不得大于450mm，固定模板所用螺帽均采用雙螺帽，以防螺桿絲口滑絲。由于對拉螺栓比較密集，考慮對結(jié)構(gòu)受力將會造成影響，經(jīng)與設(shè)計探討確定，框支梁中所用的對拉螺栓均為一次性投資，不應埋設(shè)套管。⑦在砼澆注時，應安排技術(shù)人員，仔細檢查排架支撐體系在砼澆注過程中的穩(wěn)定狀況，確保在第一時間發(fā)現(xiàn)澆注過程中的異常情況，進行合理的調(diào)整加固。Beamsideform6fixedΦ14ofboltusedinthehorizontalspacingis400mm,betweentheverticalcrossshallnotbegreaterthan450mm,fixedtemplateusednutsadoptdoublenut,screwwiremouthslidingwireincase.Becausetheboltisdense,consideringstructurewillimpact,determinedbywayofanddesignstudy,boxusedinabeamofboltareone-timeinvestment,shouldnotbeembeddedcasing.Alllandownersinconcretepouring,itshallarrangetechnicalpersonnel,carefullycheckthebentframesupportingsysteminstableconditionintheprocessofconcretepouring,toensurethatinthefirsttimefoundtheabnormalsituationintheprocessofpouring,reasonableadjustmentofthecarton.3框支梁柱鋼筋幫扎3boxbeamsreinforcedtohelpMr　　3.1節(jié)點處理：框支柱頂部節(jié)點鋼筋通常比較密集，應做好施工措施，確保砼澆注質(zhì)量。為盡量改良鋼筋密集的狀況，可將梁上部鋼筋（宜取第一排鋼筋）與柱端外皮縱筋機械連接；當柱縱筋直徑大于梁筋直徑時，接頭設(shè)在梁內(nèi)；反之則設(shè)在梁底以下的柱段內(nèi)。接頭位置應符合規(guī)范或設(shè)計關(guān)于鋼筋連接的要求。其它未連通的柱筋、梁筋尚應滿足各自的錨固要求。節(jié)點處理應從鋼筋下料長度開始，各種構(gòu)件截面內(nèi)的鋼筋彎起方向、長度等均應事先考慮周全，盡量避免節(jié)點處鋼筋過密。3.1nodeprocessing:steelpillarboxatthetopofthenodestendtobedense,shoulddowelltheconstructionmeasurestoensurethequalityoftheconcretepouring.Toimprovereinforceddenseconditionsasfaraspossible,buttheupperreinforcementbeam(YiQureinforced)inthefirstrowandtheskinattheendofthelongitudinalreinforcementmechanicalconnection;Whenthecolumnlongitudinalreinforcementlargediameterreinforcementbeamdiameter,withinthejointinbeam;Converselyinbeamunderthebottomofcolumnsection.Jointlocationshouldconformtotherequirementsofthespecificationordesignofreinforcedconnection.Othercolumnreinforcement,notconnectedbeamreinforcementisshouldsatisfytheiranchoragerequirements.Nodetreatmentshouldbestarted,lengthofreinforcedmaterialundervariouscomponentswithinthecrosssectionofreinforcedbendingdirection,length,etc.Shallbethoughtfulinadvanceandtrytoavoidnodereinforcement.3.2鋼筋綁扎：框支梁上層鋼筋垂直錨固長度超過梁高度的，以及下層部分向下彎的鋼筋先行綁扎，然后將其固定就位，確保在澆筑砼時不發(fā)生位移。待三層局部柱、墻板砼澆筑完畢后，再幫扎板筋，嚴格按照設(shè)計要求將綁扎接頭錯開。3.2steelbinding:boxbeamtopbarsverticalanchoragelengthoverthebeamheight,andtiedownthelowerpartofcurvedsteelbar,andthenshouldbefixedinplace,toensurethatatthetimeofpouringconcreteonthem.Threelayerpartialcolumns,wallplateafterthecompletionofconcretecasting,againforplatereinforcement,instrictaccordancewiththedesignrequirementswillstaggerbindingjoint.　　3.3鋼筋連接時應采用機械連接，上層剪力墻插筋應采用幫扎固定，嚴禁與框支梁框支柱的受力鋼筋焊接（或點焊）。3.3steelbarconnectionshouldusemechanicalconnection,theuppershearwallsteeldowelshouldbeadoptedtohelpfirmfixation,withnoboxbeamframepillar"sstresssteelwelding(spotwelding).　　3.4對各種預留洞應嚴格按照設(shè)計要求進行加固，安裝專業(yè)的管線敷設(shè)應盡量避免個別位置過度集中的情況出現(xiàn)，要確保不影響砼的澆注質(zhì)量。3.4ofallthereservedholeshouldbeinstrictaccordancewiththedesignrequirementsforreinforcement,professionalinstallationofpipelinelayingshouldavoidexcessiveconcentrationofindividualposition,toensurethatdoesnotaffectthepouringoftheconcretequality.　　4砼澆筑Fourconcretecasting　　4.1由于設(shè)計要求框支梁采用剛纖維砼，框支柱和樓板則采用普通砼，這給現(xiàn)場施工縫的留置和處理造成了一定的困難。為了確保框支梁、框支柱砼的澆筑質(zhì)量，經(jīng)過設(shè)計同意，在盡量減少施工縫的前提下，框支梁鋼纖維砼澆注到板底10cm處，可設(shè)置水平施工縫。4.1duetothedesignrequirementsforboxbeamusingjustfiberconcrete,normalconcreteframepillarandfloorisused,itgivestheconstructionjointindwellingandhandlinghascausedsomedifficulties.Tomakesurethattheframebeam,pillarboxconcretecastingquality,agreethroughdesign,onthedecreaseasfaraspossibleunderthepremiseofconstructionjoint,boxjoiststeelfiberconcretepouringtotheplatebottom10cm,canbesetuphorizontalconstructionjoints.　　4.2在不同標號砼交接處安裝鋼絲網(wǎng)片分隔，確保低標號砼不流入框支構(gòu)件內(nèi)。編排好不同標號砼的輸送順序和方量，采用不同的輸送泵輸送。4.2installthewiremeshindifferentgradeconcretejunctionspace,toensurethatthelowstrengthconcretedoesnotflowintotheboxcomponent.Layoutandsequencefordifferentgradeconcretevolume,differentpumpdelivery.　　4.3由于框支梁鋼筋多且密集，對砼澆筑帶來很大難度，所以考慮先將三層局部框支柱、墻板砼澆至框支梁底20cm處，待上部框支梁鋼筋綁扎結(jié)束，框支梁施工逢以下砼與三層部位墻板、柱、板砼分別澆筑。4.3becausetheboxbeamreinforcementandmoreintensive,tobringgreatdifficultytoconcretecasting,soconsiderthefirstthreelayersoflocalpillarbox,wallboardconcretepouringtoboxbeambottom20cm,staytheupperboxbeamandsteelbindingend,boxbeamconstructionteamforthefollowingconcretewiththethreepartsofthewallplate,column,slabconcretepouring,respectively.　　4.4由于框支梁鋼筋籠自重較重，梁底無法采用普通的保護層墊塊支撐，經(jīng)設(shè)計同意后，采用與梁筋同直徑的短鋼筋段，作為墊塊幫扎到梁筋外邊緣，但應注意作為墊塊鋼筋段的不應過長（約20cm左右），嚴禁沿梁寬方向通長鋪墊。4.4becausetheboxbeamreinforcingcagetheheavierweight,beambottomcannotadoptcommonprotectivelayerpadsupport,aftertheapprovalofthedesign,useandthediameterofthebeamreinforcedwithshortsteelsection,asablocktohelpfirmtobeamreinforcementoutsideedge,butshouldpayattentiontoasablockofsteelshouldnotbetoolong(20cm),itisforbiddentopassalongbeambreadthdirectionlong.　　4.5對澆注完成的構(gòu)件應及時覆蓋澆水養(yǎng)護，確保養(yǎng)護時間不少于14天。澆水養(yǎng)護時，應同時對板、梁、柱等構(gòu)件進行養(yǎng)護。4.5topouringcompletedcomponentsshouldcoverwaterconservation,intimetoensurethatthemaintenancetimeisnotlessthan14days.Waterconservation,andartifactsformaintenanceonplates,beams,columns,etc.　　經(jīng)過精心的組織，嚴格的控制，轉(zhuǎn)換層的觀感和實測質(zhì)量均完成的比較理想，根據(jù)高層綜合樓建筑功能的需要，選擇適宜的結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換層，不但可以節(jié)省材料用量，節(jié)省建造費用。同時靈活的將建筑與結(jié)構(gòu)統(tǒng)一，實現(xiàn)建筑使用功能和優(yōu)美觀感的和諧發(fā)展。Passeselaborateorganization,strictcontrolofthelookandfeeloftheconversionlayerandmeasuredqualityfinishoftheideal,accordingtotheneedsofhigh-risecomplexbuildingconstructionfeaturesandchooseappropriatetransformationlayerstructure,notonlycansavethematerialusage,saveconstructioncosts.Flexibleunifyingarchitectureandstructureatthesametime,realizetheharmoniousdevelopmentofthebuildingusefunctionandbeautifullookandfeel.